This undated page from NSA’s internal WikiInfo describes POISONNUT, “the Virtual Private Network Attack Orchestrator (VAO)”: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.

This NSA TURBULENCE presentation dated August 2009 explains the APEX method of combining passive with active methods to exfiltrate data from networks attacked: see the Der Spiegel article The Digital Arms Race: NSA Preps America for Future Battle, 17 January 2015.

This undated page from NSA’s internal WikiInfo describes the Transform Engine Emulator (TEe) process for undermining VPNs: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.

These four undated NSA slides show a workflow for defeating VPN encryption: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.

This undated NSA wiki page describes LONGHAUL, an “end-to-end attack orchestration and key recovery service for Data Network Cipher and Data Network Session Cipher traffic”: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.

Slides from an NSA Turbulence presentation describe two of the agency’s specialised implants, aimed at compromising virtual private networks (VPNs) and online telephony (VOIP): see the Intercept article How the NSA Plans to Infect ‘Millions’ of Computers with Malware, 12 March 2014.

This undated page from NSA’s internal WikiInfo describes VALIANTSURF “the coverterm for the development of Data Network Cipher (DNC) exploitation capabilities in TURMOIL”: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.

This undated page from NSA’s internal WikiInfo describes POISONNUT and its role in attcks against VPNs: see the Der Spiegel story Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA’s War on Internet Security, 28 December 2014.